COURSE CONTENT

This is the new FBB Building in UTM..



Well, right after creating this blog, someone so co-incidentally wooted me in MSN.. And so, he become the first person to know the existence of my new blog. I tell him to guess the blog's url and he told me a name- burning solitude. Sounds manic.. Maybe in his mind I'm so siao alr..

Anyway this post is just to fill up the page. ooooh... I forgot to tell. the course I get is my 2nd choice de Applied Science Industrial Bio for Bioscience & Bioengineering Faculty (ps:purposely write so long so can sound more pro..but in fact i dont know much about this course.i hope it will turn out to be a good one that can solve my 'burning solitude'.. lol) Well, my ps is longer than my sentence.. If someone read this they are ready to turn on their fan or air-cond already..(because sweat)

So if u guys wanna know the content of my course I will attach here at below: (Mommy I post here for u to see ya..)
SQG 1303 Microbiology
Synopsis:
Introduces major theories in the area of microbiology, emphasizing on the basic concepts in microbiology, aseptic techniques and microscopy. Discussion includes different classes of microorganism, especially bacteria: anatomy, nutrient requirement and physical factors influencing growth and metabolism, microbial genetics; microbial diversity include Fungi, Algae and Protozoa; physical and chemical control of microorganisms; diseases caused by microorganisms, industries related to microorganism such as food and environment. Assignments are given to be carried out in their own group. Student will be assessed based on individual and group performance. Upon completion, students should be able to define basic concept in microbiology, to differentiate microorganisms of different classes and their roles in health, industry and environment.

References:
1. Tortora, G.J., Funke, B.R. and Case, C.L., (2001) Microbiology: An Introduction, The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company.
2. Madigan M.T., Martinko, J.M. and Parker, J. (2004) Brock Biology of Microorganisms, 10th ed., Pearson Prentice Hall.
1. Ingraham, J.L., (2004) Introduction to Microbiology: A Case-History Approach, Brookes Cole

SQG 1811 Practical in Microbiology
Synopsis:
Designed to expose the students to conducting experiment and analysis in microbiology laboratory. Focus will be given on guiding the students for safe handling of microorganisms. Students will be divided into several groups and required to carry out the outlined experiment during each session of laboratory practices. The experiments are mainly focusing on the basic techniques in handling microorganisms including aseptic technique, media preparation, inoculation and isolation of pure culture. Analysis of microbial growth and biochemical and morphological characterization of microorganisms were also carried out. Students are required to produce laboratory report for each experiment in their own group. Upon completion, students should be able to discuss basic concept in microbiological practices and to perform safe and independent work in microbiology laboratory.

References:
1. Atlas, R.M., Brown, A., Dobra, K.W. and Miller, L. (1984) Experimental Microbiology: Fundamentals and Applications. Macmillan Publishing Company. New York.
2. Harold, J.B. (1996) Microbiological Application: A Laboratory Manual in General Biology. Time Mirror Int. Publishers.
3. Barnett, M.E. (1992) Microbiology Laboratory Exercises. WCB Publishers

SQG 1143 Molecular and Cellular Biology
Synopsis:
Introduces basics of cell biology. Emphasis is on ultrastructure of eukaryotes and prokaryotes, principle of DNA central dogma as well as cell interaction in biology system. Discussion focuses on replication, transcription and translation in bacteria and eukaryotes and their differences. Students will be exposed to methods for data mining and data analysis for conducting sequence alignment, similarity searching, phylogenetic analysis, gene finding and protein structure prediction. Upon completion, students should be able to have a command on the concepts, processes and techniques used on living system as well as available computational tools and databases relevant to biological research.

References:
1. Acquaah, G. (2004) Understanding Biotechnology: An Integrated and Cyber-Based Approach. Pearson, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
2. Karp, G. (2002) Cell and Molecular Biology. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
3. Voet, D. and Voet, J. (2004) Biochemistry. 3rd ed. Wiley International Edition.

SQG 1173 Cellular Biochemistry and Metabolism
Synopsis:
Introduces some major principles in the biochemistry of the cells in relation to the mechanism of metabolic reaction in eukaryotic and prokaryotic microorganisms. Discussion will focus on the properties of water as medium for most of the biochemical reaction, basic structures of biomolecules such as carbohydrate, protein and lipid, metabolism of carbohydrate including catabolism and anabolism of glucose and glycogen, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation and electron transport chain. Important aspects of protein metabolism, lipid breakdown and synthesis are also discussed. Students are divided into their own groups in order to encourage group discussion for class activities such as assignments, presentations and learning portfolio preparation. Assessment will be carried out based on their group and individual performances. Upon completion, students should be able to explain and discuss the basic structures of biomolecules, concept of metabolic pathways involving enzyme-catalysed reaction, mechanism of energy generation during metabolism and the point of integration for biomolecules metabolism.

References:
1. Voet, D., Voet, J. and Pratt, C.W. (2006) Fundamentals of Biochemistry Life at the Molecular Level, Wiley Asia Student Edition.
2. McKee, T. and McKee, J. R, (2006), Biochemistry An Introduction 2nd edition, WCB/ McGraw Hill
3. Horton, H.R., Moran, L.A., Scrimgeour, K.G., Perry, M.D., and Rawn, J.D. (2006), Principles of Biochemistry 4th ed., Pearson Prentice Hall, New Jersey, U.S.A

SQG 1801 Practical in Cellular Biochemistry and Metabolism
Pre-requisite: SQG 1173 Cellular Biochemistry and Metabolism
Synopsis:
Designed to expose the students to conducting experiment and analysis in biochemistry laboratory. Focus will be given on guiding the students for safe handling of chemicals and equipments. The laboratory sessions will be focusing on the concept of separation and quantitative analysis, qualitative and quantitative analysis of carbohydrate and lipid, quantitative analysis of soluble protein, protein denaturation and enzyme kinetics. Students are required to produce laboratory report for each experiment in their own group. Upon completion, students should be able to understand basic concept in biochemical practices and to perform safe and independent work in biochemistry laboratory.

References:
1. Mc.Kee, T and Mc.Kee, J. R (2003). Biochemistry the Molecular Basis of Life. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. New York. 3rd ed.
2. Nelson, D.L and Cox, M.M (2004). Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. W.H. Freeman 4th ed.
3. Voet, V. (2004) Biochemistry. John Wiley 3rd ed. Asia Student Edition

SQG 2153 Genetic Engineering
Pre-requisite: SQG 1143 Cellular and Molecular Biology
Synopsis:
Facilitates basic knowledge in gene manipulation based on current researches and development in the field of genetic engineering. Developed procedures such as cloning, screening and characterization of foreign heterologous genes in Escherichia coli host will be discussed. Characterization and development of cloning vector will also be covered. Among other things to be included will be DNA isolation, the types of enzymes used in molecular biology, insertion of foreign DNA, preparation of host cell, transformation and screening of cloned DNA as well as the making of genomic and cDNA library. Various kinds of screening DNA libraries will be uncovered together with simple and basic characterization of clones obtained from screening a library. Students will be asked to make a poster as a group assignment. Upon completion, students should be able to discuss the main concepts and techniques of genetic engineering.

References:
1. Acquaah, G. (2004) Understanding Biotechnology: An Integrated and Cyber-Based Approach. Pearson, Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
2. Karp, G. (2002) Cell and Molecular Biology. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
3. Voet, D. and Voet, J. (2004) Biochemistry. 3rd ed. Wiley International Edition.

SQG 2821 Genetic Engineering Practical
Pre-requisite: SQG 2153 Genetic Engineering
Synopsis:
Designed to expose the students to conducting experiment in gene manipulation. The laboratory sessions will focus on developed procedures such as cloning, screening and characterization of foreign heterologous genes in Escherichia coli host. Students are required to produce laboratory report for each experiment in their own group. Upon completion, students should be able to apply basic concepts in genetic engineering practices and to perform safe and independent work in genetic engineering laboratory.

References:
1. Maniatis, T., Fritish, E.F. and Sambrook, J. (1989) Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual. 2nd ed. Cold Harbor. N.Y.
2. Glover, D.M. and Hames, B.D. (1995) DNA Cloning 1: A Practical Approach, Core Techniques. 2nd ed. The Practical Approach Series.
3. Karp, G. (2005) Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments. 4th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York.

SQG 2313 Physiology and Screening of Industrial Microorganisms
Pre-requisite: SQG 1303 Microbiology
Synopsis:
This subject introduces the students to the role of microbes and how some of them may be isolated from the environment. The course aims to address the following topics such as identification of potential industrial microbes, microbial growth requirements, enumeration techniques and preparation of stock culture, isolation of strict anaerobes, hyperthermophiles, fungi, alkalophiles, acidophiles and actinomycetes from the environment. Important biotechnological application and benefits of each microbe will also be discussed. Upon successful completion of the course, students should be able to understand the roles & importance of microbes, identify & explain various microbial growth requirements, acquire knowledge of how various microorganisms can be screened/isolated from the environment and explain their application in biotechnology.

References:
1. Madigan MT, Martinko, J and Parker, J (2004), Brock Biology of Microorganisms, 10th ed., Pearson Prentice Hall.
2. Tortora, GJ, Funke, BR and Case, CL (2004) Microbiology: An Introduction, The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company.
3. Labeda, DP (1989), Isolation of Biotechnological Organisms from Nature, McGraw Hill Publishing, USA.

SQG 2683 Protein Separation Techniques in Biotechnology
Pre-requisite: SQG 1173 Cellular Biochemistry and Metabolisme
Synopsis:
Discussion on the protein structure: primary, secondary, tertiary and quarternary structures and chemical characteristics of protein. Getting started with protein purification; preparations of cell free extract, protein quantification, manipulation of proteins in solution, precipitation techniques of soluble proteins. Isolation of membrane and particulate-associated proteins; purification of proteins using chromatographic techniques: gel filtration chromatography, HPLC, ion exchange chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography (HIC), affinity chromatography. Electrophoretic techniques; preparation of SDS-PAGE, detection and recovery of proteins from polyacrylamide gels, 2-dimensional gel system. Purification of recombinant protein.

References:
1. Rosernberg, I.M. (1996), Protein Analysis and Purification Benchtop Techniques, Birkhauser
2. Scopes, R.K. (1994), Protein Purification Principles and Practice 3ed, Springer
3. Voet, D., Voet, J. and Pratt, C.W. (2006) Fundamentals of Biochemistry Life at the Molecular Level, Wiley Asia Student Edition.

SQG 2712 Biocomputation and Bioinformatics
Synopsis:
Computer applications in Biology using basic software and advanced biocomputational techniques. Students learn to access appropriate public databases and search format. Introduction to DNA, genomics, proteomics and bioinformatics as a whole picture of computer impact in biology field will be conducted throughout the course. Emphasis is on protein analyses from protein sequence to prediction of its structure and function. Upon completion, students should be able to define and apply current bioinformatics techiques widely used in biology field (information retrieving involving sequence annotation, gene submission, multiple alignment, homology similarity search, secondary prediction and phylogenetic analysis).

References:
1. Dan, E.K. and Michael, L.R. (2002) Fundamental Concepts of Bioinformatics. Pearson Ed.
2. Bergeron, B. (2002) Bioinformatics Computing. 1st ed. Prentice Hall PTR.
3. Jean, M.C. and Cedric, N. (2003) Bioinformatics for Dummies. Dummies

SQG 2513 Introduction to Bioprocess Engineering
Synopsis:
This course integrates discipline of chemical engineering, microbiology, molecular biology, enzyme, biochemistry and application in biotechnology. Topics taught include the rational application of microorganism and enzymes in bioprocess industry, bioprocess flowsheeting including upstream and downstream processes. The theory, application, basic construction and relevant engineering calculations are introduced for common unit operations found in bioprocess industries. Such unit operations are the bioreactor, membrane separation system, sedimentation and centrifugation, extraction, heat exchanger, and etc. Sterilization processes are introduced in brief. Upon completion, students should be able to define the biological aspect in bioprocess engineering, and is able to identify as well as critically solve simple engineering problems for various operation units

References:
1. Shuler, M.L and Kargi, K (2002). Bioprocess Engineering Basic concepts. 2nd ed. Prentice Hall.
2. Rao, D. G (2005). Introduction to Biochemical Engineering. Tata Mcgraw-Hill.
3. Himmelblau, D. M. and Riggs, J. B. (2004). Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical Engineering. 7th ed.Prentice Hall.

SQG 2831 Practical in Bioprocess Engineering
Pre-requisite: SQG 2513 Introduction to Bioprocess Engineering
Synopsis:
Some of the concepts taught in SSG2513 (Introduction to Bioprocess Engineering is applied in this laboratory practical. These lab practical gives instrumentation hands on and students are required to interpret laboratory data.

References:
1. Shuler, M.L and Kargi, K (2002). Bioprocess Engineering Basic concepts. 2nd ed. Prentice Hall.
2. Rao, D. G (2005). Introduction to Biochemical Engineering. Tata Mcgraw-Hill.
3. Scragg, A.H. (1991) Bioreactors in Biotechnology. A Practical Approach. 1st ed. Ellis Horwood Limited.

SQG 2673 Enzyme Technology
Pre-requisite: SQG 1173 Cellular Biochemistry and Metabolisme
SQG 2683 Protein Separation Techniques in Biotechnology
Synopsis:
This course provides a body of knowledge relevant to the principles of enzymology and techniques employed in the utilisation of enzymes. This course presents a basic introduction to the principles by which enzymes catalyse reactions and provide knowledge of the theory as well as applications of modern approaches to enzyme technology. Student will be exposed to the techniques of isolation, purification and characterization of intracellular and extracellular enzymes They will also be introduced to the economic and commercial considerations concerning the viability of enzyme technologies. Finally this course serves to provide an awareness of the current and possible future applications of enzyme technologies. During this course, students are also required to do a presentation on a topic related to enzyme technology as a group effort.

References:
1. Marangoni A.G. (2003) Enzyme Kinetics: A Modern Approach. John Wiley and Sons Incoperation. New York.
2. Bisswanger, H (2004) Practical Enzymology Wiley-VCH. Weinheim, Germany
3. Cook, P.F. and Cleland, W.W (2007) Enzyme Kinetics and Mechanism. Garland Publishing Inc, US

SQG 2851 Practical in Enzyme Technology
Pre-Requisite: SQG 2673 Enzyme Technology
Synopsis:
This course gives students practical experience on important basic techniques in enzyme technology. Student will have hands on experience on techniques of protein extraction and purification. The students will be exposed to a variety of protein purification techniques such as ammonium sulphate precipitation and affinity chromatography techniques. Student will also be required to carry out characterization of the purified enzyme based on the enzymes’ pH and termperature optima, substrate specificity, Km and Vmax. Student will also be taught techniques for immobilization of enzymes for indutstrial applications. Students will also be given exposure to the industrial applications of enzymes primarily in the dairy and detergent industries.

References:
1. Marangoni A.G. (2003) Enzyme Kinetics: A Modern Approach. John Wiley and Sons Incoperation. New York.
2. Bisswanger, H (2004) Practical Enzymology Wiley-VCH. Weinheim, Germany
3. Scope, R.K. (1994) Protein Purification: Principles and Practice 3rd edition. Springer.

SQG 3162 Technniques in Molecular Biology
Synopsis:
Introduces students to techniques in gene manipulation, protein expression, genomic cloning, cDNA, site directed mutagenesis, PCR, DNA finger printing-RFLP, RAPD, FISH, AFLD and blotting techniques. Emphasis is on the basic concepts in genomic and proteomic studies, DNA sequences, microarray, x-ray crystallography as well as application of transgenic animal and plants. Upon completion, students should be able to define concepts and theories on molecular biology techniques.

References:
1. Keith W, and John W (2005). Principles and Techniques of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 6th ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2. Turner, P.C., McLennan,A.G, Bates, A.D. & White, M.R.H (2000). Instant Notes Molecular Biology. Oxford: BIOS Scientific Publishers. Ltd.
3. Nicholl, D.S.T. (1994.) An Introduction To Genetic Engineering. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

SQG 3242 Tissue Culture Technology
Synopsis:
This course comprises two sections; plant tissue culture and animal cell culture. Plant tissue culture will covers historical aspect of plant cell culture, design and layout of laboratory, equipments and sterilization methods, media preparation and the basic aspects such as cell culture, cellular totipotency and somatic embryogenesis. Additionally, the application of tissue culture to plant breeding, horticulture and forestry will also be discussed. In animal cell culture section, basic aspects of biology of cultured cells, laboratory design and layout, defined medium, serum-free medium, cryopreservation, biosafety and its application will be elucidated. Upon completion, students should be able to differentiate between plant and animal cell cultures in terms of their principles and applications.

References:
1. Razdan, M.K (2003) Introduction to Plant Tissue Culture. Oxford & IBH Publishing Co.
2. Bojwani, S.S and Razdan, M.K. (1996) Plant Tissue Culture: Theory and Practice, a revised edition. Elsevier, N.Y.
3. Freshney, R.I. (2005) Culture of Animal Cells; A manual of basic technique. Fifth edition.John-Wiley & Sons, N.Y.

SQG 3522 Bioprocess Engineering
Synopsis:
Introduces the principles and calculations for mass and energy balances commonly used in bioprocess engineering. Besides, basic thermodynamic and fluid mechanics will be explained. A few case studies of industrial processes such as antibiotic and therapeutic monoclonal antibody production are discussed. From the case studies, the bioprocess plant design- the synthesis of process flowsheet, process optimization, process economic and instrumentation controls are discussed in detail. Practical issues such as process scale up, cGMP (current Good Manufacturing Practice) and ISO will also be taught.

References:
1. Shuler, M.L and Kargi, K (2002). Bioprocess Engineering Basic concepts. 2nd ed. Prentice Hall.
2. Rao, D. G (2005). Introduction to Biochemical Engineering. Tata Mcgraw-Hill.
3. Felder, R. M. and Rousseau, R. W. (2005). Elementary Principle of Chemical Processes. 3rd ed. Wiley.

SQG 3233 Fermentation Technology
Synopsis:
Introduces the basic knowledge of microbial fermentation process, enzyme and biotransformation process. The development, improvement and preparation of stock culture will be discussed. The cost effective medium formulation and nutrient requirement for secondary and primary metabolite will be explained in details. The physiology and kinetic evaluation of certain products in batch, continuous and fed-batch cultures will be explained. Students will have an exposure towards, bioreactor design, rheology of culture fluid, aeration and agitation requirement in fermentation process, scaling up and scaling down. Students are also required to do an assignment and oral presentation of subject related to fermentation technology as a group effort. Upon completion, students should be able to apply the knowledge on fermentation technology and its application in biotechnology and biosciences.

References:
1. Elmansi E.M.T, Bryce C.F.A, Demain and A.L, Allman A.R (2007) . Fermentation Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2nd edition CRC.
2. Stanbury, P.F., Whitacker, A. and Hall, S.J. (1999) Principle of Fermentation Technology. 3rd ed. Pergamon Press.
3. Scragg, A.H. (1991) Bioreactors in Biotechnology: A Practical Approach. 1st ed. Ellis Horwood Limited.

SQG 3152 Bioremediation and Biodegradation
Synopsis:
This subject provides a basic knowledge and understanding of bioremediation and biodegradation in the environment. Provides a basic knowledge of bioremediation and biodegradation to the students, the process by which microorganism are stimulated to rapidly degrade hazardous organic contaminants to environmentally safe levels Different types of contaminants will be discussed in terms of their fate in the bioremediation and biodegradation process. This will include xenobiotics, chlorinated solvents and other halogenated compounds and explosives. Emphasis is on the general concepts and mechanisms of degradation and remediation of pollutants by microorganisms Principles of both biodegradation and bioremediation will be looked into the study of microorganisms and their roles in the biodegradation will be emphasized on. Different technology of bioremediation which include in situ and ex-situ treatment, biostimulation and bioaugmentation will also be discussed in relevant to types of contaminants. Upon completion, students should be able to explain and discuss the useful of the microorganisms in the environment in degrading and remediation of the hazardous organic contaminants and the importance of using biological methods to treat contaminants.

References:
1. Alvarez, P.J.J and Illman ,W.A.(2006).Bioremediation and Natural Attenuation: Process Fundamentals and Mathematical Models. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken New Jersey.
2. Rittmann, B.E and Mc Carty, P.E (2001). Environmental Biotechnology: Principles and Applications. Mc Graw-Hill new york
3. Atlas, R.M and Philip, J. (2005) Bioremediation: Applied Microbial Solutions for Real-World Environmental Cleanup. ASM Press Washington D.C


SQG 3212 Molecular Biotechnology
Synopsis:
Covers the principle and application of biotechnology in the industry as well as current issues involved in molecular biotechnology. Introduces genetic engineering basically from the perspective of advantages, strategies and the products; some of the biotechnology products from the industry and how they are produced; production of transgenic plants as well as the techniques involved; production of transgenic animals and the techniques involved especially transgenic mice and cow together with other animals, farming and human contribution; introduction to eugenics, human genetic engineering and human cloning, techniques in gene therapy with its application; introduction to intellectual property, permission for usage, protection as well as benefits and relationship between biotechnology and intellectual property. Upon completion, students should be able to apply the isolation of microorganism techniques from extreme condition such as anaerobic, hyperthermophilic, subsurface, acidic and alkaline.

References:
1. Dale, J.W. and von Schantz, M (2003) From Genes to Genomes: Concepts and Applications of DNA Technology. John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
2. Karp, G. (2005) Cell and Molecular Biology: Concepts and Experiments. 4th ed. John Wiley & Sons. New York.
3. Watson, J.D., Baker, T.T., Bell, S.P., Gann, A., Levine, M. and Losick, R. (2004) Molecular Biology of the Gene. 5th ed. Pearson Benjamin Cummings, CSHL Press.

SQG 3352 Industrial Microbiology
Synopsis:
Introduces various commercial applications of microorganisms in different types of industries. It will help the students to identify several types of bioprocess designs, process modulation, kinetics and analysis commonly used in industries to support plant operation and their treatment of wastes. Production aspect focuses on both primary and secondary metabolites. Emphasis is on the discussion on secondary metabolite productions such as antibiotic, hormone, drugs and other pharmaceutical products, bioemulsifier and other biopolymers of industrial importance. This course will also give an insight to the biodegradation of high concentration of organic pollutant, biorecovery process, enzyme and immobilization technology used in industries. Upon completion, students should be able to understand basic concept in microbial application and to explain their roles in aiding the industrial operations during upstream and downstream processes.

References:
1. Waites, J.M., Morgan, N.L. and Rockey, J.S. (2001) Industrial Microbiology: An Introduction. Blackwell Publishing. USA.
2. Timmis, K.N. and Stahl, D.A. (2003) Environmental Microbiology. Blackwell Publishing. USA.
3. Fraise, A.P., Lambert, P.A. and Milliard, J.Y. (2004) Principles and Practice of Disinfection, Preservation and Sterilization. 4th ed.

SQG 3572 Biological Control in Environment Conservation
Synopsis:
The course discussed about principle and philosophy of biological control agents and methods in implementing this technique, in order to develop alternatives for conventional pesticides that may be more acute in some commodities than in others. Various specific aspects in this course are; i) the conceptual of agents (types and mechanisms) and targets on quantitative techniques, ecology and behavior of selected natural enemies, ii) measures focus on beneficial arthropods, entomopathogenic nematodes, viruses and microorganisms, iii) as well as on the interaction between crop, pest and beneficial organisms, iv) the future and factors that limit the biological control. The study case and current issues also will be discussed to guaranteed the student alert with the effectiveness and benefit of this application. It is useful in encouraging student ability in debating biological control function of cultural and natural ecosystem management.

References:
1. Hajek, A.E. (2004). Natural Enemies; An Introduction to Biological Control. Cambridge University Press, London.
2. Lenteren, J.C. (2003). Quality Control and Production of Biological Control Agents; Theory and Testing Procedures. CABI Publishing, United Kingdom.
3. Mukerji, K.G. and Chincholkar, S.B. (2007). Biological Control of Plant Diseases. The Haworth Press. Inc. New York

SQG 3142 Gene Therapy
Synopsis:
This course will introduce students to the background history of gene therapy, developments and commonly adopted methods of gene delivery systems. Students will also learn about how gene therapies work, through examples of gene therapy research on different human diseases such as single-gene disorder, cancer and AIDS. Some ethics and regulation on gene therapy will also be discussed. Upon completion, students should be able to comprehend and distinguish the different types of gene delivery systems and gene therapy treatment on human diseases.

References:
1. Lemoine, N.R and Vile, R.G (2000). Understanding Gene Therapy. BIOS Scientific Publication, London, UK
2. D.D Lasic and N.S Templeton (2000). Gene Therapy: Therapeutic Mechanisms and Strategies. Marcel Dekker.
3. W. J. Burdette (2001). The Basic For Gene Therapy. Charles C. Thomas Publisher Ltd.

SQG 3252 Applications of Tissue Culture
Pre-requisite: SQG 3242 Tissue Culture Technology
Synopsis:
This course elaborates the principles and application of plant and animal cell and tissue culture. The potential and the usage of plant tissue culture in biotechnology, research and industry involve transformation techniques, in vitro breeding, protoplast fusion, embryo rescue, haploid, somaclonal variation and current issues in genetically modified crops. The course will also provide knowledge in gene transfer methods in animal and recent development of transgenic animal and tissue engineering technology. Upon completion, students should be able to integrate some useful tissue culture approaches that could be applied for improvement of food quality and exploitation of animal or human cells for medicine production.

References:
1. Halford, N. (2006). Plant Biotechnology: Current and future applications of genetically modified crops. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester, England
2. Stacey, G. and Davis, J. (2007) Medicines from Animal Cell Culture. John Wiley & Sons Ltd, Chichester, England
3. Trivedi, P.C. (2006). Plant Biotechnology: Perspectives and prospects. Pointer Publisher, Jaipur, India.

SQG 3332 Food Microbiology
Synopsis:
This course introduces the methods used to determine microorganisms and their products in food as well as factors that influence microorganism’s growth. . The roles and behaviour of microbes in food also will be emphasized, so that students will have a better understanding of the causes of food spoilage during preparation, processing and storage under given conditions. Upon completion, students should be able to explain the food microbiology process and apply information concerning a food and its environment to an analysis of the microbiological hazard associated with the food.

References:
1. Alcamo I.E Fundamental Microbiology (1997). 2nd Edition Sauder College
2. Brock Biology of Microorganism (2002), 9th Edition, Prentice Hall, New Jersay
3. Jay J.M (1993). Modern Food Microbiology, Van Nostrand Reinhold

SQG 3432 Virology
Synopsis:
The subject was designed in order for student to be able to distinguish between viruses and other organisms based on its identification, diseases caused and life cycle. Student will be explained further on the impact and current issues on virus attack, such as AIDS and birds flu, and implementation conducted throughout. They should be able to discuss and give critical evaluation on the epidemiology and control of viral disease as well as ethical issues and dilemma accompanying the viral infectious disease.

References:
1. Dimmock, N.J. Easton, A.J., and Leppard, K.N.. (2007) Introduction to Modern Virology. 6th ed. US: Blackwell Publishing.
2. Wagner, E.k., Hewlett, M.J., Bloom, D.C., and Camerini, D. (2008). Basic Virology 3rd ed. US: Blackwell Publishing.

SQG 3692 Biosensor Technology
Synopsis:
This course aims to provide a broad overview of biosensors, including its fundamental principles and applications (both current and future) in the areas of healthcare, environmental detection, pollution control and monitoring, food and drink analysis, and others. More specifically the course aims to answer the following questions: What is a sensor? How does a sensor become biological in nature? What are the components of a biosensor? What are the types of transducers used in biosensors? What types of biological materials can be used as biosensing elements? How are biosensing elements attached to the transducers, i.e. immobilised? What are the most important factors that govern the performance of a biosensor? In what areas have biosensors been applied? Upon successful completion of the course, students should be able to understand and describe the fundamental aspects of a biosensor (biosensing elements and transducers), understand and describe the various ways in which biosensing elements can be immobilized or attached to transducers, understand and explain different types of transducers and how they are used in biosensors, identify a suitable biosensing element and transducer to select or detect a particular analyte(s) and discuss the performance of biosensors on the basis of selectivity, sensitivity, detection limit, reproducibility, lifetime etc.

References:
1. Eggins, BR 1996, Biosensors: An Introduction, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester.
2. Eggins, BR 2002, Chemical Sensors and Biosensors, John Wiley & Son, Chichester.
3. Cooper, JM & Cass, AEG 2004, Biosensors : A Practical Approach 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, USA